Top Networking Interview Questions
1) Difference between RIPv1 and RIPv2?
Ans:
RIPv1 :
1) no support for VLSM and summarization
1) no support for VLSM and summarization
2) no loop prevention mechanisms available.
3) In order to send updates, it uses a broadcast address.
4) More bandwidth Utilization
5) Classful Routing Protocol
RIPV2:
1) support for VLSM and summarization
1) support for VLSM and summarization
2) loop prevention mechanisms available.
3) In order to send updates, it uses the multicast address.
4) Less bandwidth Utilization
5) Classless Routing Protocol
2) How many numbers of routes carried by the RIP packet?
Ans: 25 networks or routes in the update message
3) What is the requirement of doing summarization?
Ans:
1) Reduces the amount of information stored in routing tables.
1) Reduces the amount of information stored in routing tables.
2) Allocates an existing pool of addresses more economically
3) Lessens the load on router processor and memory resources
4)Less number of update messages
5) Less bandwidth
4) Difference between static and floating static routes?
4) Difference between static and floating static routes?
Ans:
Static: A route with administrative distance 1
Floating Static route: A static route with an administrative distance more than 1.
Static: A route with administrative distance 1
Floating Static route: A static route with an administrative distance more than 1.
Note: The floating static route will be used for redundancy.
5) What is the protocol?
Ans:
The protocol is a set of rules which define how to exchange the data between 2 devices.
6) What is the difference between Switch and Bridge?
Ans:
Switch
1) Hardware-based
2) Support for VLANs
3) Support for STP
4) Faster
5) Multiple Ports
Bridge:
1) Software-based
2) No Support for VLANs
3) No Support for STP
4) Slower
5) Two Ports
7) Difference between Wireless LAN & Wired LAN?
Ans:
Wired LAN:
1) Uses cable to send the data
2) Full Duplex
3) Uses CSMA/CD
4) Faster
5) Less Flexible
6) More Secure
Wireless LAN
1) Does not use Cable
2) Half-Duplex
3) Uses CSMA/CD
4) Slower
5) More Flexible
6) Less Secure
8) Differences between IPv4 & IPv6?
Ans:
IPv4:
1) Number of Address bits:32
2) Uses Dotted Decimal Format
3) Supports Broadcasting by default
4) IPSEC is not enabled by default
5) Less Mobility
6) Each Device will have only one IPV4 address assigned to it.
IPv6
1) Number of Address bits:128
2) Uses Colon Notation Format
3) Does not support Broadcasting
4) IPSEC is enabled by default
5) More Mobility
6) Each Device will have only Two IPv6 addresses assigned to it.
9) What is VLAN?
Ans:
VLAN is a method of dividing one broadcast domain into smaller Broadcast domains.
10) What are the functions of a Router?
Ans:
1) Packet Forwarding: To move the data from one network to another network
2) Packet Switching: To move the data from one interface to another interface in/between the routers.
3) Packet Filtering: Router can also filter the packets like a firewall with the help of ACL.
11) What are the functions of a Switch?
Ans:
1) Learning the MAC address with the help of Source MAC address
2) Forwarding data with the help of the destination MAC address
3) Loop Avoidance using STP
12) What are the different types of Routers?
Ans:
Fixed Router
1) A Router that has a fixed number of interfaces.
2) Not upgradable
3) No slots to add the number of interfaces into it
4) Less Cost
Ex: 2500 Router
Modular Router
1) A Router that does not have a fixed number of interfaces.
2) Upgradable
3) slots to add the number of interfaces into it
4) More Cost
Ex: 2600,2800,2900,3600 Series of Routers.
13) What is a Router?
Ans:
A router is an internetworking device which provides communication between 2 or more different networks
14) What is a Switch?
Ans:
A Switch is a networking device that provides communication within the same network.
15) What is the difference between a collision domain and Broadcast Domain?
A:
Collision Domain:
--> Area of the network which is affected by the collision.
--> 1 Collision domain per hub/ 1 collision domain per switch port/ 1 collision domain per router port.
Broadcast Domain:
--> Area of the network where broadcast sent by one device will be received all other devices.
--> 1 Broadcast domain per hub/ 1 Broadcast domain per switch port/ 1 Broadcast domain per router port.
16) What is the range of private IP addresses?
A:
Class A: 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255
Class B: 172.16.0.0- 172.31.255.255
Class C: 192.168.0.0-192.168.255.255
17) What is the difference between a static routing protocol and a dynamic routing protocol?
A:
Static Routing Protocol
--> Best path is selected by the network administrator
--> Requires less memory/CPU utilization
--> Topology changes are not automatic
--> secure as all the work is done by the network administrator
--> Advertises indirectly connected networks
--> Implemented in smaller networks
Dynamic Routing Protocol
--> Best path is selected by the router
--> Requires more memory/CPU utilization
--> Topology changes are automatic
--> less secure as all the work is done by the router
--> Advertises directly connected networks
--> Implemented in large networks
18) What is the difference between Private IP and Public IP address?
1) Less number of ports
2) support for NAT
3) Uses Processor to forward the data
4) Slower
5) support advanced QOS
The protocol is a set of rules which define how to exchange the data between 2 devices.
6) What is the difference between Switch and Bridge?
Ans:
Switch
1) Hardware-based
2) Support for VLANs
3) Support for STP
4) Faster
5) Multiple Ports
Bridge:
1) Software-based
2) No Support for VLANs
3) No Support for STP
4) Slower
5) Two Ports
7) Difference between Wireless LAN & Wired LAN?
Ans:
Wired LAN:
1) Uses cable to send the data
2) Full Duplex
3) Uses CSMA/CD
4) Faster
5) Less Flexible
6) More Secure
Wireless LAN
1) Does not use Cable
2) Half-Duplex
3) Uses CSMA/CD
4) Slower
5) More Flexible
6) Less Secure
8) Differences between IPv4 & IPv6?
Ans:
IPv4:
1) Number of Address bits:32
2) Uses Dotted Decimal Format
3) Supports Broadcasting by default
4) IPSEC is not enabled by default
5) Less Mobility
6) Each Device will have only one IPV4 address assigned to it.
IPv6
1) Number of Address bits:128
2) Uses Colon Notation Format
3) Does not support Broadcasting
4) IPSEC is enabled by default
5) More Mobility
6) Each Device will have only Two IPv6 addresses assigned to it.
9) What is VLAN?
Ans:
VLAN is a method of dividing one broadcast domain into smaller Broadcast domains.
10) What are the functions of a Router?
Ans:
1) Packet Forwarding: To move the data from one network to another network
2) Packet Switching: To move the data from one interface to another interface in/between the routers.
3) Packet Filtering: Router can also filter the packets like a firewall with the help of ACL.
11) What are the functions of a Switch?
Ans:
1) Learning the MAC address with the help of Source MAC address
2) Forwarding data with the help of the destination MAC address
3) Loop Avoidance using STP
12) What are the different types of Routers?
Ans:
Fixed Router
1) A Router that has a fixed number of interfaces.
2) Not upgradable
3) No slots to add the number of interfaces into it
4) Less Cost
Ex: 2500 Router
Modular Router
1) A Router that does not have a fixed number of interfaces.
2) Upgradable
3) slots to add the number of interfaces into it
4) More Cost
Ex: 2600,2800,2900,3600 Series of Routers.
13) What is a Router?
Ans:
A router is an internetworking device which provides communication between 2 or more different networks
14) What is a Switch?
Ans:
A Switch is a networking device that provides communication within the same network.
15) What is the difference between a collision domain and Broadcast Domain?
A:
Collision Domain:
--> Area of the network which is affected by the collision.
--> 1 Collision domain per hub/ 1 collision domain per switch port/ 1 collision domain per router port.
Broadcast Domain:
--> Area of the network where broadcast sent by one device will be received all other devices.
--> 1 Broadcast domain per hub/ 1 Broadcast domain per switch port/ 1 Broadcast domain per router port.
16) What is the range of private IP addresses?
A:
Class A: 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255
Class B: 172.16.0.0- 172.31.255.255
Class C: 192.168.0.0-192.168.255.255
17) What is the difference between a static routing protocol and a dynamic routing protocol?
A:
Static Routing Protocol
--> Best path is selected by the network administrator
--> Requires less memory/CPU utilization
--> Topology changes are not automatic
--> secure as all the work is done by the network administrator
--> Advertises indirectly connected networks
--> Implemented in smaller networks
Dynamic Routing Protocol
--> Best path is selected by the router
--> Requires more memory/CPU utilization
--> Topology changes are automatic
--> less secure as all the work is done by the router
--> Advertises directly connected networks
--> Implemented in large networks
18) What is the difference between Private IP and Public IP address?
A:
Private IP address:
--> used within the organization.
--> possible to use the same IPv4 address in different places.
--> Assigned by a network administrator
--> Not routable on the Internet.
Public IP address
--> used for Internet Access.
--> Not possible to use the same IPv4 address in different places.
--> Assigned by IANA/ISP
--> Routable on the Internet.
19) What is the Maximum and Minimum Size of the Frame?
A:
Minimum Size of the Frame: 64 bytes
Maximum Size of the Frame: 1500 bytes
20) What is Summarization?
A:
Summarization is a method of combining multiple smaller networks into one large network.
There are two types of summarization:
1) Manual Summarization: Summarization is done by the network administrator
2) Automatic Summarization: Summarization is done by the router
21) What is Subnetting?
A:
Subnetting is a method of dividing a large network into multiple smaller networks.
There are two types of subnetting:
1) FLSM: Dividing one large network into subnetworks.
2) VLSM: Dividing subnetted networks into subnets
22) What is the difference between Summarization and Supernetting?
A:
Supernetting: Combining one or more classful networks into one large network
Ex: 192.168.0.0/24,192.168.1.0/24,192.168.2.0/24,192.168.3.0/24 --> 192.168.0.0/22
Summarization: Combining one or more classless networks into one large network
Ex: 172.16.0.0/24,172.16.1.0/24,172.16.2.0/24,172.16.3.0/24 --> 172.16.0.0/22
23) What is a Native VLAN?
A:
A Native VLAN is untagged VLAN over the 802.1q Trunk.
24) What is APIPA?
A:
APIPA stands for Automatic Private IP address. It is used to assign the IP address to the network devices when the DHCP Server is not reachable.
25) What is the difference between ISL & Dot1q?
A:
ISL
--> ISL Stands for Inter-Switch Link
--> Cisco Proprietary
--> Requires 30 bytes of Overhead
--> Supports up to 1000 VLANs
--> Does not support Native VLAN.
Dot1q
--> It is also called as 802.1q
--> Open Standard
--> Requires 4 bytes of overhead
--> Supports up to 4096 VLANs
--> Supports Native VLAN.
A:
ISL
--> ISL Stands for Inter-Switch Link
--> Cisco Proprietary
--> Requires 30 bytes of Overhead
--> Supports up to 1000 VLANs
--> Does not support Native VLAN.
Dot1q
--> It is also called as 802.1q
--> Open Standard
--> Requires 4 bytes of overhead
--> Supports up to 4096 VLANs
--> Supports Native VLAN.
26) What is the difference between HDLC and PPP?
A:
HDLC:
--> HDLC stands for High Level Data Link Control
--> Vendor Proprietary
--> Does not support authentication
--> Does not support compression
--> Supports synchronous connections only
PPP
--> PPP stands for Point to Point Protocol
--> Open Standard
--> Support authentication
--> Support compression
--> Supports synchronous connections and asynchronous connections.
27) What is the difference between Tracert and Traceroute?
A:
Tracert: Protocol used in windows operating systems to find the number of hops between source and destination.
Traceroute: Protocol used in Linux operating systems to find the number of hops between source and destination.
28) What is Checksum?
A:
A checksum is a value that represents the integrity of the data.
29) What is the use of service password-encryption?
A:
Service password-encryption is used to encrypt all the passwords stored in the running configuration file of the Cisco device.
30) What is the difference between physical topology and logical topology?
A:
Physical Topology: Refers to how the network devices are physically connected
Logical Topology: Refers to how communication takes place within the network.
31) What is an Autonomous System?
A:
An Autonomous System is a collection of routers under a single technical domain.
32) What are the different protocol data units of the OSI Reference Model?
A:
Application Layer -- Data
Presentation Layer -- Data
Session Layer -- Data
Transport Layer -- Segments
Network Layer -- Packets
Data Link Layer-- Frames
Physical Layer -- Bits
33) What are the devices work on Physical, Data Link and Network Layers of OSI Model?
A:
Physical Layer: Hub, NIC
Data Link Layer: Bridges and Switches
Network Layer: Routers
34) What is a Firewall?
A:
A Firewall is a networking device that filters incoming/outgoing traffic that enters/leaves the network.
A:
HDLC:
--> HDLC stands for High Level Data Link Control
--> Vendor Proprietary
--> Does not support authentication
--> Does not support compression
--> Supports synchronous connections only
PPP
--> PPP stands for Point to Point Protocol
--> Open Standard
--> Support authentication
--> Support compression
--> Supports synchronous connections and asynchronous connections.
27) What is the difference between Tracert and Traceroute?
A:
Tracert: Protocol used in windows operating systems to find the number of hops between source and destination.
Traceroute: Protocol used in Linux operating systems to find the number of hops between source and destination.
28) What is Checksum?
A:
A checksum is a value that represents the integrity of the data.
29) What is the use of service password-encryption?
A:
Service password-encryption is used to encrypt all the passwords stored in the running configuration file of the Cisco device.
30) What is the difference between physical topology and logical topology?
A:
Physical Topology: Refers to how the network devices are physically connected
Logical Topology: Refers to how communication takes place within the network.
31) What is an Autonomous System?
A:
An Autonomous System is a collection of routers under a single technical domain.
32) What are the different protocol data units of the OSI Reference Model?
A:
Application Layer -- Data
Presentation Layer -- Data
Session Layer -- Data
Transport Layer -- Segments
Network Layer -- Packets
Data Link Layer-- Frames
Physical Layer -- Bits
33) What are the devices work on Physical, Data Link and Network Layers of OSI Model?
A:
Physical Layer: Hub, NIC
Data Link Layer: Bridges and Switches
Network Layer: Routers
34) What is a Firewall?
A:
A Firewall is a networking device that filters incoming/outgoing traffic that enters/leaves the network.
35) What are the different types of interfaces available on the switch?
A:
1) Lan Interface
1) Lan Interface
Ex: Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, etc.
2) Administrative Interface
Ex: Console Interface.
36) What is the difference between Routed Protocol and Routing Protocol?
Ans:
Routing Protocol
1) Used to decide the best path
2) Used between the routers
3) Allows the router to build the routing table
Ex: EIGRP, OSPF,RIP,etc
Routed Protocol
1) Used to forward the data
2) Used between all the devices.
3) It assigns an address to the network device
Ex: IP, IPX and Apple Talk
37) Administrative Distance of different routing protocols?
Ans:
Static: 1
Internal EIGRP: 90
IGRP 100
OSPF 110
RIP 120
External EIGRP 170
Internal BGP 200
External BGP 20
Static: 1
Internal EIGRP: 90
IGRP 100
OSPF 110
RIP 120
External EIGRP 170
Internal BGP 200
External BGP 20
38) What are the different types of interfaces available on the router?
Ans:
1) Lan Interface: ->This interface is used to connect the router to a LAN device.
Ex: Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet, etc.
2) Wan Interface:-> This interface is used to connect the router to wan device.
Ex: Serial, ISDN interfaces, etc.
3) Administrative Interface: This interface is used to manage the router.
Ex: Console and Auxiliary interfaces
39) What are the different types of Switches?
Ans:
1) Unmanageable Switch:
à A switch which does not have a console port
à No IP address can be assigned.
à Vlans cannot be created.
à Less cost
2) Manageable Switch:
à A switch which has a console port
à IP address can be assigned.
à Vlans cannot be created.
à More cost.
40) What are the key advantages of using switches instead of hubs?
A:
--> Reduces the number of collisions
--> Increases the Bandwidth Utilization
--> Reduces the number of broadcasts
41) What is the difference between User Mode and Privilege Mode in Cisco IOS?
A:
User Mode:
--> Basic Troubleshooting tasks such as PING, Traceroute can be done in this mode.
--> Basic status of a network device such as router or switch can be checked in this mode.
--> Can be identified using ">" icon.
--> Does not allow to modify the configuration in this mode.
Privilege Mode:
--> Perform Configuration Backup/Restore from this mode.
--> Advanced status of a network device such as router or switch can be checked in this mode using show commands.
--> Can be identified using "#" icon.
--> Allows modifying the configuration in this mode.
40) What are the key advantages of using switches instead of hubs?
A:
--> Reduces the number of collisions
--> Increases the Bandwidth Utilization
--> Reduces the number of broadcasts
41) What is the difference between User Mode and Privilege Mode in Cisco IOS?
A:
User Mode:
--> Basic Troubleshooting tasks such as PING, Traceroute can be done in this mode.
--> Basic status of a network device such as router or switch can be checked in this mode.
--> Can be identified using ">" icon.
--> Does not allow to modify the configuration in this mode.
Privilege Mode:
--> Perform Configuration Backup/Restore from this mode.
--> Advanced status of a network device such as router or switch can be checked in this mode using show commands.
--> Can be identified using "#" icon.
--> Allows modifying the configuration in this mode.
42) Difference between MLS and Router?
Multi-Layer Switch
1) More number of ports
2) No support for NAT
3) Uses ASIC to forward the data
4) Faster
5) Does not support advanced QOS
Router:
2) support for NAT
3) Uses Processor to forward the data
4) Slower
5) support advanced QOS
43) Different Port numbers
A: TCP ---------------6
UDP---------------17
FTP-----------------20,21
SSH-----------------22
Telnet--------------23
SMTP--------------25
DNS----------------53
DHCP---------------67,68
TFTP----------------69
HTTP------------80
HTTPS-----------443
NTP--------------123
SNMP------------161
POP---------------110
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Please find More Networking Interview Questions below page:
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Connect with me on Linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/mahmmad-kareemoddin-7a177342/
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